History of video editing

      How film began- This history of film really began in 1890's where motion cameras were invented. And film production started to be established . Due to the lack of technology then, films were only one minuet long. 

Practitioners (1)

The Lumiere brothers

 George Albert Smith

Cecil Hepworth

Edwin porter

D.W Griffiths

Lev Kuleshow

Sergei Eisenstein

Alfred Hitchcock

  

    The lumiere brothers were French inventors that brought cinema to life. In 1895 the brothers invented Cinematography. Cinematography was a three in one device that recorded, and projected motion picture. These two men were the first to develop the techniques of editing video.

George Albert Smith was one of the pioneers of British cinema. He is best known for his controversial work at the society of physical research, where he pioneered film editing and close ups, and his first development of the first successful color film

Cecil Hepworth was one of the longest lived British pioneer film-maker. He began his filming career in 1899 when he converted his house into a small studio. In the course of his long career, he became on of the most respected figures of British cinema.

Edwin Porter developed his skills of editing to great effects in some of his earliest films. His method was to combined documentary footage with his own footage. This then started the trend of documentary style of filmmaking.

D.W Griffiths was most famous for the use of advanced camera and narrative techniques. And the popularity set the stage for the dominance of his films, such as the Feature Length in the USA. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of early cinema for his command of film techniques and expressive skills.

Lev Kuleshov was a Russian director who used the editing techniques known as the ‘kuleshov effect’. He was the first one to use it in 1910s and 1920s. The effect is a mental phenomenon by which viewers derive more meaning.  

Sergei Eisenstein was a Soviet film director and film theorist, a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage. He is noted in particular for his silent films, Strike (1925) and Battleship Potemkin (1925). He began his career in theatre before moving into film. In 1923 he became a theorist by writing his first script. ‘The Monatge Of Attraction for LEF ’ . He travled around Europe to develop and learn techniques for the future of his film making career.

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was an English film director and producer. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. Alfred Hitchcock excelled in a variety of genres during his early British career, before moving to Hollywood in 1939. It was here he became known as the 'Master of Suspense'. He produced some of the best and most analyzed works in the history of cinema.

                  Video Editing Techniques 

-180degree rule-

 (2) This rule is a guideline that states that two characters should always maintain the same left/right relationship to one another. They say that you should picture an imaginary line and imagine you’re looking at the scene from the side. So this way, you can clearly picture the way the two characters are looking. Learn about film.com states that 'If you break the rule you have ‘crossed the line‘', Which in turn will break the continuity of the scene. 

  

-Eye Line Match-

The Eye Line Match is a editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. This technique is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen at the time is seeing. The eye line match begins with a character looking at something off screen, followed by another cut of something or someone. This gives the audiences initial interest in the characters gaze.

-Eye Line Match-

The Eye Line Match is a editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. This technique is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen at the time is seeing. The eye line match begins with a character looking at something off screen, followed by another cut of something or someone. This gives the audiences initial interest in the characters gaze.

-Match on Action-

 This editing technique refers to where the editors cut from one shot to another that matches the first shot. A common example of this is a man walking up to a door and reaching the knob. Just has his hand touches the scene cuts to a shot of the door opening from the other side and the man stood there ready to walk in.  This editing technique is mainly used to give the audience the impression of continuous time when watching the final film or clip.

-Shot reverse shot-

Shot reverse shot or counter shot is a film editing technique where a character is looking at another (usually off screen) then the character being looked at is shown looking back at the character originally looking.  Even the characters are shown facing in opposite direction, the audience assumes that they are looking at one another. This technique is a feature of the classical Hollywood style of editing.

Cutaway-

   This technique is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by including a view of someone else. This shot does not necessarily contribute any dramatic content, but it is used to help the editor assemble a longer sequence. An example of this is if the main shot was of a man waling down an alley, this then could possibly cutaway to a shot of a cat sat further down the alley.

-Jump cut-

This type of cut in film editing is where two sequential shots of the same objects are taken from camera positions that are similar and only vary slightly. This type of editing gives the effect of jumping forwards in time. Jump cuts also can add a sense of speed to the sequence of events.

 -Parallel editing-

This is a technique that alternates two or more scenes that happen simultaneously but in different locations. This is to add interest and excitement to an otherwise boring sequence. This is often applied to create suspense.

Type of shots

Close up- Shot that keeps on the face full in the frame

Medium shot-Shot that utilises the most common framing, shows less than a long shot but more than a close up

Long shot- Shot that depicts an entire character or object from head to foot but not as long as a long shot

Dutch tilt- A shot where the camera is tilted on its side to create a kooky angle, often used to suggest disorientation

Establishing shot- A shot, at the head of the scene that clearly shows the locale the actions is set in

Over the shoulder shot-Where the camera is positioned behind one subjects shoulder usually used during a conversation

Tilt-Shot where the camera moves continuously up to down or down to up. A vertical -panning shot. This is usually used to traditionally finish off a film, a shot of the sky.

Tracking shot-A shot that follows behind or alongside of a subject

Aerial Shot- Shot that is filmed from the air

Arc Shot- A shot in which the subject is circled by the camera

Deep Focus Shot- Technique staging good depth of filed, A deep-focus shot includes foreground, middle-ground, and extreme-background objects, all in focus.

Dolly zoom- Dolly is the name of the shot and the equipment used to get the shot. The shot itself is a side on tracking of a in motion or motionless object

Low angle shot- This is a shot where the camera is positioned low to the ground and on its axis giving a 'low angle shot'

High angle shot- This shot is a cinematic technique where the camera looks down on the subject from a high

Money Shot- Climatic point in the film, could be the end or half way through (3)

Types of transitions

Cut- This is the most basic and common types of transition. The cut happens when one shot is instantly replaced by another. They are that widely used that feature films normally counts thousands of them.

Fade in/out- Fade ins and outs are the second most common type of transition. The fade out happens when the picture is gradually replaced by a black screen. Traditionally, this is used to conclude the film. And fade ins are the opposite: a solid colour gradually gives way to picture. Traditionally the start of a film.

Dissolves- This transition can also be known as overlapping, these happen when one shot gradually replaces by the next. One goes as the other comes back. Usually to signify the passage of time
Wipe- Where one shot is replaced by another shot over and over again in a geometric pattern. Wipes are a good way to show changing location.
Digital effects- Most transitions have some sort of editing effects thrown into them. There are too many to list but these effects include colour replacement, animated effects, pixelization, focus drops, lighting effects, etc. (4) (5)
 

References/ Bibliography

1. davekpenyong and profile, V. my complete (2011) Pioneers. Available at: http://davidekpenyong.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/pioneers.html (Accessed: 15 September 2016)

2. Tom Barrance . 2013. Learn about film. [ONLINE] Available at: http://learnaboutfilm.com/film-language/sequence/180-degree-rule/. [Accessed 20 September 2016].

3. Freer, I. and Gibbs, O. (2013) Film studies 101: The 30 camera shots every film fan needs to know. Available at: http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/film-studies-101-camera-shots-styles/ (Accessed: 28 September 2016).

4. Types of video transition (no date) Available at: http://www.mediacollege.com/video/editing/transition/types.html (Accessed: 3 October 2016).

5. Moura, G. (2014) ‘Elements of cinema’, Elements of Cinema, 1 July. Available at: http://www.elementsofcinema.com/editing/types-of-transitions/ (Accessed: 3 October 2016)


.http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/695123/History-of-music-video/

Mr. Holder feedback 27th Sept.

History and practitioners complete
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